FEED MANAGEMENT
Feeding of Calves Colostrums
It will vary with the system followed, but whatever system may be practiced, the calf must receive the first milk which the cow gives after calving and is called colostrum’s. Be sure to feed the calf enough of colostrum’s between 2 to 2.5 liters daily for the first 3 days following its birth. Any excess colostrum may be fed to other calves in the herd in amounts equal to the amount of whole milk normally fed. If possible where a cow is milked before calving, freeze some of the colostrums for later feeding to the calf. None of it should be wasted. The digestibility of colostrums increases when it is given at a temperature between 99oF and 102oF. The importance of colostrums can be felt more from the following virtues.
The protein of colostrums consists of a much higher proportion of globulin than doe’s normal milk. The globulins are presumed to be the source of antibodies which aid in protecting the animal from many infections liable to affect it after birth. Gamma – globulin level in blood serum of neonatal calves is only 0.97 mg/ml at birth. It increase to 16.55 mg/ml level after first colostrums feeding at 12 hr and subsequently on the second day shows a peak of 28.18 mg/ml. This level more or less persists till the reti-culoendothelial system of the calf starts functioning to produce antibodies.
The protein content of colostrum is 3 to 5 times as that of normal milk. It is also rich in some of the materials, of which copper, iron, magnesium and manganese are important.
Colostrum contain 5-15 times the amount of Vitamin A- found in normal milk, depending upon the character of the ration given to the mother during the rest period.
Colostrum is also superior to milk in having a considerably greater amount of several other vitamins which have been found essential in the growth of dairy calves, including riboflavin, choline, thiamine and pantothenic acid.
Colostrum act as a laxative to free the digestive tract of faecal material.
Feeding whole milk
In feeding whole milk, calves may be fed as per feeding schedule. While feeding whole milk the following points should be remembered.
- As far as possible provide milk from the calf’s mother.
- Feed milk immediately after it is drawn.
- The total amount of milk may be fed at 3 or 4 equal intervals up to the age of 7 days and then twice daily.
Feeding skim milk
On many farms, large quantities of separated milk are available for feeding to calves and other livestock. Excellent dairy calves can be raised by changing them from whole milk gradually after two weeks of their age. Here again the feeding schedule should be followed.
Feeding dried skim milk, whey or buttermilk
The above dried products are mixed with water at the rate of 1 kg to 9 kg of water and then it is fed as skim milk. To avoid digestive troubles, the mix should always be fed to calves after warming it up to 100oF.
Feeding calf starters
Calf starter is a mixture consisting of ground farm grains, protein feeds and minerals, vitamins and antibiotics. After a calf attains the age of 2 weeks the amount of whole milk given to it may be cut down. One should then rub a small amount of starter on the calf’s mouth, after each milk feeding for a few days when the calf will be accustomed to it. When they reach four months of age, one should then transfer the calves to a “growing” grain ration.
Feeding grain mixture
Better growth and greater resistance to calf ailments result from consumption of grain and milk by the calf then when the calf is fed only on milk. At the age of 7-15 days the feeding of grain mixtures may be started. In order to get calves accustomed to grain mixtures, place a small handful of grain mixture in the used pail. As the calf is finishing its milk it may consume a portion, or one may offer a little in the hand immediately after feeding milk.
Excessive protein rich grain mixture is not desirable as milk is already rich in proteins. A medium protein grain mixture is most suitable when milk is fed freely. A grain mixture of oats – 35 percent, linseed cake – 5 percent, bran – 30 percent, barley – 10 percent, groundnut cake – 20 percent may be fed to the calves. Another good mixture consists of ground maize – 2 parts, wheat bran – 2parts.
(Source: Dr. C. Paul Princely Rajkumar, AC&RI, Madurai)
Table 1. Feeding schedule for calves up to 6 months
| Age of calf | Approx. body weight (kg) | Quantity of milk (kg) | Quantity of calf starter (g) | Green grass (kg) |
| 4 days to 4 weeks | 25 | 2.5 | Small qty. | Small qty. |
| 4-6 weeks | 30 | 3.0 | 50-100 | Small qty. |
| 6-8 weeks | 35 | 2.5 | 100-250 | Small qty. |
| 8-10 weeks | 40 | 2.0 | 250-350 | Small qty. |
| 10-12 weeks | 45 | 1.5 | 350-500 | 1-0 |
| 12-16 weeks | 55 | – | 500-750 | 1-2 |
| 16-20 weeks | 65 | – | 750-1000 | 2-3 |
| 20-24 weeks | 75 | – | 1000-1500 | 3-5 |
Calf starter is a highly nutritious concentrate mixture containing all the nutrients in proper proportion required for optimum growth and is used as a partial substitute for whole milk in the ration of calves. Since quality of protein is very important to calves until their rumen is fully functional, animal protein supplements such as fish meal should be included in calf starters. Urea should not be included in calf starters.
(Source: Kerala Agricultural University)
Feeding of growing animals (From 6 months onwards)
For calves below one year of age it is always desirable to give sufficient concentrates in addition to good roughage so that they make optimum growth. Feeding concentrate can be considerably reduced in the case of calves over one year of age fed on high quality roughage. A judicious mixture of roughage and concentrate is essential for obtaining optimum growth without undue fat deposition. From six months onwards, calves can be given the same type of concentrate mixture (14-16% Digestible Crude Protein and about 70% Total Digestible Nutrients) as used for adult cattle. Examples of concentrate mixtures are given separately.
Table 2. Feeding schedule of growing animals from 6 months onwards
| Age (months) | Approximate body weight (kg) | Concentrate mixture (kg) | Grass (kg) |
| 6-9 | 70-100 | 1.5-1.75 | 5-10 |
| 9-15 | 100-150 | 1.75-2.25 | 10-15 |
| 15-20 | 150-200 | 2.25-2.50 | 15-20 |
| Above 20 | 200-300 | 2.50-2.75 | 15-20 |
(Source: Kerala Agricultural University)
Table 3. Recommended concentrate mixtures (Approx. 15% DCP about 70% TDN)
| S. No | Ingredients | Parts( Kg) | S. No | Ingredients | Parts( Kg) |
| 1. | Groundnut cake | 32 | 4 | Gingelly cake | 20 |
| Gingelly oil cake | 5 | Coconut cake | 15 | ||
| Rice bran | 25 | Yellow maize | 32 | ||
| Dried tapioca chips | 35 | Wheat bran | 30 | ||
| Mineral mixture | 2 | Mineral mixture | 2 | ||
| Salt | 1 | Salt | 1 | ||
| 2. | Coconut cake or cotton | 30 | 5. | Sunflower cake(decorticated) | 25 |
| seed cake | 10 | Cotton seed cake(decorticated) | 15 | ||
| Rice bran | 30 | Jowar | 25 | ||
| Yellow maize | 27 | Wheat bran | 32 | ||
| Mineral mixture | 2 | Mineral mixture | 2 | ||
| Salt | 1 | Salt | 1 | ||
| 3. | Groundnut cake | 33 | 6. | Groundnut cake | 20 |
| Rubber seed cake | 20 | ||||
| Rice bran | 30 | Yellow maize | 27 | ||
| Tamarind seed(decorticated) | 10 | Wheat bran | 15 | ||
| Dried tapioca chips | 24 | Tapioca starch waste | 15 | ||
| Mineral mixture | 2 | Mineral mixture 2 | 2 | ||
| Salt | 1 | Salt | 1 |
Table 4. Feeding schedules for dairy animals (Quantity in kg.)
(Source: National Dairy Development Board) Feeding of lactating cow
Proper feeding of dairy cattle should envisage minimum wastage of nutrients and maximum returns in respect of milk produced. A concentrate mixture made up of protein supplements such as oil cakes, energy sources such as cereal grains (maize, jowar), tapioca chips and laxative feeds such as brans (rice bran, wheat bran, gram husk) is generally used. Mineral mixture containing major and all the trace elements should be included at a level of 2 percent. |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Table 5. Feeding schedule for different classes of adult cows (approximate body weight-250 kg)
| When green grass is plenty | When paddy straw is the major roughage | ||||
| Category | Concentrate mixture (Kg) | Green Grass (kg) | Concentrate Mixture (kg) | Green Grass (kg) | Paddy Straw (kg) |
| Dry cows | – | 25 – 30 | 1.25 | 5.0 | 5 – 6 |
| Milking | 1 kg for every 2.5 – 3.0 kg of milk | 30 | 1.25 + 1 kg for every 2.5 – 3.0 kg of milk | 5.0 | 5 – 6 |
| Pregnant | Production Allowance + 1 to 1.5 kg from 6th month of pregnancy | 25 – 30 | Maintenance + production + 1 to 1.5 kg from 6th month of pregnancy | 5.0 | 5 – 6 |
The total dry matter requirement of cattle is around 2-3 % of their body weight though high yielding animals may eat at a rate more than 3%. Such factors as climate, processing of feeds, palatability etc. influence the dry matter consumption. Good quality grasses (Guinea, Napier etc.) with a minimum of 6 % crude protein on dry matter basis alone can form maintenance ration of a cow of average size. But it is possible to maintain milk production of up to 3-4 kg with grass- legume fodder.
Feeding of bulls
Male calves to be reared as future breeding bulls, should be fed on a higher plane of nutrition than female calves.
Table 6. Feeding schedule of bull
| Body weight (kg) | Concentrate mixture (kg) | Green grass (kg) |
| 400-500 | 2.5-3 | 20-25 |
A bull in service should be given good quality roughage with sufficient concentrates. Too much roughage feeding should be avoided as it makes the bull paunchy and slow in service. A large concentrate allowance may make the bull too much fatty and less virile.
(Source: Kerala Agricultural University)
Maternity pen or calving boxes
In the large farms calving boxes are provided for cows nearing parturition. The cows are transferred into these pens 2-3 weeks before expected date of calving. Each calving pen should be about 3x4m for covered area and another 4x5m for open paddocks. A manger and water trough of proper size should be constructed in each pen. The covered area shall have 1.25m high walls all round. A 1.2 m wide gate opening into the open lot is also provided. The floor shall be of cement or brick on edge with slope towards drain. In large farms the member of calving boxes. required is about 5% of no. of breed able stock in the farm. These pens are located nearer to quarters of the farmer / milking barn to monitor pregnant rows. Adequate lighting should be made.
(Source: Dr. C. Paul Princely Rajkumar, AC&RI, Madurai.)
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT
Tips for feeding dairy cattle
Concentrate must be feed individually according to production requirements.
Good quality roughage saves concentrates. Approximately 20 kg of grasses (guinea, napier, etc.) or 6-8 kg legume fodder (cowpea, lucerne) can replace 1 kg of concentrate mixture (0.14-0.16 kg of DCP) in terms of protein content.
1kg straw can replace 4-5 kg of grass on dry matter basis. In this case the deficiency of protein and other nutrients should be compensated by a suitable concentrate mixture.
Regularity in feeding should be followed. Concentrate mixture can be fed at or preferably before milking – half in the morning and the other half in the evening – before the two milkings. Half the roughage ration can be fed in the forenoon after watering and cleaning the animals. The other half is fed in the evening, after milking and watering. High yielding animals may be fed three times a day (both roughage and concentrate). Increasing the frequency of concentrate feeding will help maintain normal rumen motility and optimum milk fat levels.
Over-feeding concentrates may result in off feed and indigestion.
Abrupt change in the feed should be avoided.
Grains should be ground to medium degree of fineness before being fed to cattle.
Long and thick-stemmed fodders such as Napier may be chopped and fed.
Highly moist and tender grasses may be wilted or mixed with straw before feeding. Legume fodders may be mixed with straw or other grasses to prevent the occurrence of bloat and indigestion.
Silage and other feeds, which may impart flavour to milk, may be fed after milking. Concentrate mixture in the form of mash may be moistened with water and fed immediately. Pellets can be fed as such.
All feeds must be stored properly in well-ventilated and dry places. Mouldy or otherwise damaged feed should not be fed.
For high yielding animals, the optimum concentrate roughage ratio on dry matter basis should be 60:40.
Table 7. Nutrients required for maintenance of adult cattle per head per day (Growth rate- 550g per day )
| Live weight (kg) | Dry Matter (kg) | Digestible Crude Protein (g) |
Total Digestible Nutrients (kg) | Calcium (g) | Phosphorus (g) |
| 250 | 4-5 | 140 | 2.2 | 25 | 17 |
| 300 | 5-6 | 168 | 2.65 | 25 | 17 |
| 350 | 6-7 | 195 | 3.10 | 25 | 17 |
| 400 | 7-8 | 223 | 3.55 | 28 | 20 |
| 450 | 8-9 | 250 | 4.00 | 31 | 23 |
| 500 | 9-10 | 278 | 4.45 | 31 | 23 |
| 550 | 10-11 | 310 | 4.90 | 31 | 23 |
| 600 | 11-12 | 336 | 5.35 | 31 | 23 |
Straw can form the roughage in the absence of grasses and in such cases concentrates should be given for maintenance. For lactating cows, 1kg of concentrate mixture (compounded feed) (0.14-0.16 kg DCP and 0.70 kg TDN) may be required for every 2.5 – 3.0 kg of milk over and above the maintenance allowance. After parturition, the cow should be given the same type of feed and the same quantity as before and the concentrate allowance should be only gradually increased to avoid digestive troubles like acidosis, indigestion, etc.
In the case of young cross-bred cows below four years of age to meet the needs for growth, it is desirable to give additional concentrate allowance at the rate of 1kg for animals in first lactation and 0.5kg in the second lactation over and above the maintenance and production needs. Milking animals should always have free access to clean fresh drinking water.
Table 8. Bureau of Indian Standards specification for mineral mixture for cattle
| S. No | Characteristics | Type I (with salt) |
Type II (without salt) |
| 1. | Moisture, percent by mass, Max. | 5 | 5 |
| 2. | Calcium, percent by mass, Min. | 18 | 23 |
| 3. | Phosphorus, percent by mass, Min. | 9 | 12 |
| 4. | Magnesium, percent by mass, Min. | 5 | 6.5 |
| 5. | Salt (Chloride as Sodium Chloride), percent by mass, Min. | 22 | – |
| 6. | Iron, percent by mass, Min. | 0.4 | 0.5 |
| 7. | Iodine (as KI), percent by mass. | 0.02 | 0.026 |
| 8. | Copper, percent by mass, Min. | 0.06 | 0.077 |
| 9. | Manganese, percent by mass, Min. | 0.10 | 0.12 |
| 10. | Cobalt, percent by mass, Min. | 0.009 | 0.012 |
| 11. | Fluorine, percent by mass, Max. | 0.05 | 0.07 |
| 12. | Zinc, per cent by mass, Min. | 0.30 | 0.38 |
| 13. | Sulphur, percent by mass, Max. | 0.40 | 0.50 |
| 14. | Acid insoluble ash, percent by mass | 3.00 | 2.50 |
(Source: www.vuatkerala.org )
http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/animal_husbandry/animhus_cattle_%20feed%20management.html
Diseases
COMMON CATTLE DISEASES
Cattle suffer from a variety of diseases. Diseases are more common among herds kept in tight quarters, such as on feedlots, or large herds kept on too few acres. Diseases are also more common among stressed animals, such as calves weaned and shipped immediately to new locations. Keeping new animals quarantined until you’re sure they aren’t suffering from disease is a simple herd management practice that can keep the majority of your livestock healthy by reducing the number of potentially transmitted diseases.
Beef cattle diseases fall into specific categories:
Respiratory: These airborne ailments are caused by microorganisms spread by coughing, sneezing, eye discharge and mucous discharge.
Enteric: Enteric diseases develop in the intestinal tract. They are often caused by parasites ingested during feeding.
Skin and hooves: Beef cattle can develop diseases in their hooves and on their skin.
Neurological: Neurological diseases are caused by bacteria and viruses transmitted through insect bites. These can cause cattle to stumble or have difficulty walking.
Beef cattle, like their dairy cattle counterparts, can also suffer from udder infections and reproductive diseases. And like any mammal, cattle are susceptible to rabies, anthrax and other serious diseases.
Many diseases can be prevented through good herd management, proper nutrition and vaccinations. Cattle should receive specific vaccinations such as vaccinations for anthrax, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and many other diseases. The University of Arkansas provides a free vaccination schedule for livestock that includes vaccinations for adults, breeding females and calves.
SEVERAL COMMON CATTLE DISEASES
Although it’s not possible to list every potential disease among beef cattle, there are certain diseases that livestock owners see more often than others. These include:
Bloat: Bloat is a herd management issue related to cattle grazing on rich pasture that ferments rapidly in their stomachs. Fermentation creates gas, and too much gas causes pain and stomach bloating that puts pressure on internal organs. If the pressure isn’t relieved, your cattle can die. Watch the quantity of alfalfa your cattle are eating and other legumes, especially in the spring as they transition from hay and poorer grass to newly growing pastures.
Grass tetany: Grass tetany is caused by a severe magnesium deficiency. Cattle stagger and seem to have neurological problems. It’s often caused by springtime pastures rich in nitrogen and deficient in magnesium, or poor forage during winter months. Consult a veterinarian immediately if you suspect this problem. Cows treated quickly can recover, but if left untreated they may not.
Foot rot: A lame cow with discharge from the hoof may be suffering from foot rot. It’s caused by a common soil-borne bacteria such as streptococci, staphylococci, corynebacterium and various fungi. These microorganisms love moist, warm environments, such as the interior of the hoof. Treatments from your veterinarian are available to cure foot rot, but it’s easier to manage wet pastures to prevent your livestock from standing in areas potentially contaminated with foot rot microorganisms.
IBR (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis): IBR is also called “red nose disease” because a cow or calf’s nose becomes red and raw. The animal rubs their nose to get rid of an annoying and constant mucous discharge. Animals may experience loss of appetite and a fever, too. It’s very contagious, so separate your animal from the herd and call a veterinarian.
BVD (bovine viral diarrhea): Animals infected with BVD have scours, or constant diarrhea, nasal discharge and fever. This is a serious disease that can cause intestinal hemorrhaging, especially in young or weak animals.
Bovine respiratory disease complex: This disease is also called “shipping fever” and strikes animals after being shipped. It’s a type of pneumonia that cattle, horses and other livestock get after being stressed. It’s not caused by one particular virus or bacteria but brought on by many factors coming together and an animal under extreme stress. BRDC causes respiratory distress, runny nose, fever and loss of appetite. If your cattle have just been shipped in, quarantine them for several days to watch for symptoms of BRDC to prevent it from spreading.
SIGNS OF SICK CATTLE
It’s important to check your herd daily for signs of sick cattle. Get your cattle into the habit of feeding from a round bale feeder or a livestock trough daily at a set time so they will line up on their own for inspection. Look for signs of sick cattle such as:
Eye problems: Cattle with eye problems may keep one eye shut and rub their face against fence posts, trees or rocks. The eye may appear cloudy when the cow opens it, and they may have a running, weeping discharge from one or both eyes. They may also seek shade under a tree and remain away from bright sunlight. Eye discharge may be a sign of an injury to the eye, or more commonly conjunctivitis or pink eye. This highly contagious bacterial disease among beef cattle can result in scarring of the cornea and even blindness if not caught and treated early.
Hoof problems: Cattle with hoof ailments will limp or favor one hoof over another. The hoof may appear hot, swollen or cracked. If you can get near enough to handle your animal, or you can get your cow into a chute for inspection, you may be able to examine the hooves. Pus or any type of discharge must be treated immediately.
Skin lesions: It’s normal for cows to have an occasional patch of skin showing. It’s the same thing among beef cattle as a scraped knee is among people. But lesions across the back or circular patterns can indicate ringworm, rain rot or another fungal infection that can make your livestock miserable.
Respiratory problems: Respiratory issues in beef cattle are more common after transportation or purchasing cattle from auction, when numerous cattle from different farms may be penned together during the auction. It’s during these times of stress that cattle may be vulnerable to respiratory infections. Coughing, wheezing, mucous discharge and similar signs can all point to respiratory problems. Common respiratory infections include viral infections.
Neurological problems: Cattle that stagger should be immediately investigated. These animals may be suffering from a severe neurological problem. Some cattle lay down and are unable to get up. Neurological problems may be caused by microorganisms or dietary deficiencies brought about by grazing on lush, new pasture that’s deficient in minerals. Poisonous plants may also be to blame, or grazing on land that has a high proportion of arsenic or lead in the soil. Downed cows should be evaluated by a veterinarian for diagnosis and treatment.
Other signs of a sick cow include weight loss. Unexplained weight loss may be due to a heavy parasite load or dietary deficiencies.
A good livestock owner gets to know their cattle and can immediately spot changes in behavior or appearance. Cattle are usually consistent in their behavior, and any noticeable change may be due to sickness, stress or something in the environment. Investigating and resolving the problem quickly can keep your herd healthy for a long time to come.
CATTLE DISEASE PREVENTION
You’ve heard the old saying, “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Nothing could be truer when it comes to raising beef cattle. Preventing diseases is a lot less expensive than treating them, and you’ll be able to raise your cattle to market weight faster and easier if you take a few steps to keep your cattle healthy.
Keeping your livestock’s disease resistance high should be first on your list of health measures. This includes providing your beef cattle with good nutrition and clean water. Because cattle rely heavily on the pastures in which they’re housed for both food and shelter, keeping an eye on the quality and quantity of grass in pastures is essential to keeping cattle healthy.
It’s not enough to manage pasture grass. You’ve also got to keep an eye out for debris. It’s an unfortunate fact of country life that many people don’t think twice about tossing beer bottles, soda cans and fast food wrappers out their car windows. These objects can blow into an open field and end up in the mouths of curious cattle.
Foreign objects lodged in the intestinal tract can be deadly, and an unwary cow can cut a fetlock or hoof on debris tossed over a pasture fence. Walking your fence line daily or weekly enables you not only to check its security but avoid catastrophe from unthinking litter bugs.
Your cattle should be vaccinated against major diseases, including anthrax and many others. You can obtain a list of recommended vaccinations from your veterinarian or your local Cooperative Extension Office, which should have information for raising healthy beef cattle in your state and county. This list will include specific localized illnesses your herd should be vaccinated against.
Keep accurate and timely records of your vaccination schedule, worming schedule and any health issues among your herd. Many farmers prefer computerized record-keeping systems that enable them to track and monitor herd health, weight and sales prices. Such programs provide invaluable data when you’re looking to expand or change your herd composition.
In addition to vaccinations, routine worming for common parasites is another great practice to keep herds healthy. Parasite prevention and treatment ensures your cattle stay healthy and put on adequate weight.
The right cattle handling equipment can make a huge difference in helping you maintain the health and well-being of your herd by making regular veterinary care hassle-free.
PASTURE MAINTENANCE FOR HEALTHY CATTLE
Cattle spend much of their lives grazing and live outside almost every day of the year. Most farmers graze their herds on large open pastures. Just like you keep your home clean and the air inside of it healthy, so too must you keep your cattle’s pasture healthy and free from problems that can lead to diseases.
Regular planting with nutritious pasture grass keeps the grazing composition right for beef cattle. A mix of fescue, orchard grass, rye, white clover and other forage grasses provides the right nutritional composition to raise healthy cattle.
Learn how to identify the most common plants poisonous to beef cattle. Develop a program to eradicate common pasture weeds and poisonous plants.
Consider pasture rotation if you have enough room. Moving your herd from one pasture to another to let a pasture rest and grow for several weeks or months is ideal.
Pick up or disk manure to prevent parasites from re-infecting herds.
Keep hay bales contained to round bale feeders so they don’t rot in the pasture from rains or make a mess.
Fix any low-lying, swampy areas that are prone to flooding and mud. If your pasture is wet throughout, consider moving cattle to dry land for a few days so they’re not standing in mud.
Check areas around ponds or water troughs for excess mud, too. Make sure water troughs aren’t surrounded by a “mud moat” that forces cattle to stand in bacteria-rich mud, which can infect and weaken hooves.
Provide mineral blocks, especially to developing calves, or mineral and protein blocks to supplement the pasture during winter months.
Offer plenty of clean water to cattle so they can drink as much as they want to.
If you purchase hay for winter feeding, make sure you buy the best quality you can. Keep it dry and covered until ready to use. Discard moldy or wet hay.
HERD MANAGEMENT
In addition to these best practices for beef cattle health, certain herd management practices can also prevent diseases from spreading.
Purchase new cattle or calves from reputable auction houses or local farms.
Purchase only healthy-looking animals, and ask for a health history, such as a vaccination or worming history, if available.
Transport livestock the shortest distance possible. Transportation stresses animals.
Isolate newcomers to the herd for two weeks until you’re sure they aren’t sick.
Isolate any sick animals for treatment and to prevent illnesses from spreading.
Don’t breed sick or weakened animals.
Call a veterinarian promptly if your animals are injured, down in the field, or seriously ill. Prompt attention can prevent big problems later.
Beef cattle are among the easiest livestock to raise, but they aren’t without problems. By keeping ahead of their health needs and providing adequate nutrition and dry pasture on which to live and graze, your beef cattle can stay healthy, happy and productive for many seasons to come.
https://arrowquip.com/blog/animal-science/cattle-diseases-signs-and-prevention
| Foot & Mouth Diseases (FMD) | All cloven footed animals | Polyvalent FMD vaccine | 3 ml. S/C | 1 Year | February & December | |
| Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS) | Cattle, Buffalo | HS Vaccine | 5 ml S/C | 6 month & 1 Year | May-June | |
| Black Quarter (BQ | Cattle, Buffalo | BQ Vaccine | 5 ml S/C | 6 month & 1 Year | May-June | |
| Anthrax | All species of animals | Anthrax spore vaccine | 1 mlS/C | 1 Year | May-June | |
| Enterotoxemia (ET) | Sheep and Goat | ET vaccine | 5 ml S/C | 1 Year | May-June | |
| Contagious Caprine Pleuro Pneumonia (CCPP) | Sheep and Goat | IVRI Vaccine | 0.2 ml S/C | 1 Year | – | |
| Peste Des Pettis Ruminants (PPR) | Sheep and Goat | PPR Vaccine | 1 ml S/C | 3 Year | – | |
| Brucella | Female cattle & buffalo Calf age 4-8 months only | Brucella Vaccine | 2 ml S/C | 1 Year | – | |
| Theileriosis | Cattle & calves above 2 months of age | Theileria Vaccine | 3 ml S/C | 1 Year | – | |
| Rabies | All species of animals | Rabies Post Bite Vaccine | 1 ml S/C | 1 Year | 0, 3,7,14,28 & 90 days |
Note – Before any vaccination deworming should be compulsory to get better results.
http://vikaspedia.in/agriculture/livestock/cattle-buffalo/vaccinationschedule.pdf
